库克2017麻省理工演讲：我更担心人类像AI一样思考

北京时间6月9日晚，清华经管学院顾问委员会委员、苹果公司CEO蒂姆·库克在麻省理工学院（MIT）2017年毕业典礼上发表演讲。

“我更担心的是人们像计算机一样思考”

有的时候，技术也会成为问题，库克说，他担忧技术是否能够正确地为人所用。

与教皇方济各的会面令库克感触颇深，他说，技术赋予了我们权力，但它仍有潜在的反噬我们的可能。

“我所担心的并不是人工智能能够像人一样思考，我更担心的是人们像计算机一样思考，没有价值观，没有同情心，没有对结果的敬畏之心。这就是为什么我们需要你们这样的毕业生，来帮助我们控制技术。”

在人工智能迅猛崛起，AlphaGo可以在围棋上挫败人类的今日，关注技术失控的潜在风险的不仅仅是库克。今年GMIC 2017北京大会上，霍金也谈到了对于人工智能发展的担忧，认为应该通过研究，找到一个控制危险的超级智能崛起的办法。

“我们做事，仅仅是因为它是正义、正当的”

如何实现技术的价值呢？库克在演讲中列举了苹果的行动：帮助盲人跑马拉松的iPhone手机，可以及时预防心脏病的Apple Watch，可以帮助自闭症儿童敞开心扉的iPad。

事实上，担任苹果 CEO 以来，库克做得更多。他在 自己的微博客上除了发布关于苹果的“广告”外，还有相当一部分内容有关人类福祉。他常常引用马丁·路德·金还有约翰·肯尼迪的语句。

这次他也用了——“所有的生活都是相连的”（马丁路德金博士语）。

这位CEO重视工人权益、清洁能源。当股东质疑环保事业的意义时，他回答：“我们做事，仅仅是因为它是正义、正当的。如果你要我提供明晰的回报表，你现在就该把苹果的股票抛掉，简简单单。”

“Steve给我的生命指明了方向”

并不意外，在今天的演讲中，库克多次提到乔布斯，他感激乔布斯为他的人生指明了方向——为更大的人类目标奋斗，也相信乔布斯留下的价值——技术本身是不够的，一定要让技术和文化和人文结合起来才可以。

即使常常被认为生活在苹果的灵魂——乔布斯的阴影之下；即便受到过质疑，有人认为库克“确保了所有东西精确就位，但不会令人感到心潮澎湃”。但库克在带领苹果的道路上，已经展现了非凡的天赋和合理的判断。拿数据说话，2011年库克正式从乔布斯手中接过苹果CEO帅印，5年时间过去后，将苹果市值拉高了近一倍。

以下为演讲全文（中文翻译）：

我会问自己，难道生命的意义就在于此吗？我在杜克大学读了研究生，我试过冥想，我接受了高等教育，我也试过有引导性的信仰，读过诸多哲学著作。我还尝试用Windows的电脑，所以我可以说是使用了所有的方法来寻求答案。在经历了20年的曲曲折折后，它把我引向苹果。那个时候Steve·Jobs刚刚回到了苹果公司，那个时候他发起了与众不同的一场运动，赋予这些疯狂的人、格格不入的人、叛逆之人机会。他知道做了这些我们就能改变世界。那个时候Steve Jobs知道他有能力回答这些问题，那时我看到了他的热忱，我看到了他对这些事业以及为人类服务的热情。当时他的目标是如此的简单、纯朴，那就是为人类服务。

在15年寻求真理之后，我最终找到了这样一个答案，就在一刻，我觉得自己受到了启发。我的理想和公司的目标达成一致——使用技术达成更崇高的目标。我的理想和乔布斯也是一致的，我们今天所做的努力能够改变人们明天的生活，改变人们的未来。

而当时，我自己也是苦苦地在寻求这些。当时的我并不知道自己正在寻找答案。但突然间，我感到心中的负担完全消失了。后见之明告诉我，这一切是顺理成章的。我明白如果在一个目标不明确的公司工作，我绝对不会找到自己的理想，所以在那个时候是乔布斯给我了机会，让我全身心投入工作。

所以我问自己我将如何为人类服务呢？从那时起，这是对我来说最重要的问题。当你为一个比自己更重要的目标而奋斗时，你找到了意义、找到了理想，所以我希望在MIT，你也会问自己——“我应该怎么为人类服务？”好消息是，在MIT你们已经走上了正确的道路。你们知道科学和技术可以让世界变得更好，让成千上万人们的生活变得更加方便，而且大幅度提高效率。

如果我们要解决一些世界上最棘手的问题，从癌症到气候变化到教育不平等，仅靠技术本身并不是终极之道，甚至有时候技术也会成为问题。比如说就在去年我有机会和方济各教皇见面，这是我生命当中最特别的会面。

他在贫民窟中安抚贫民的时间超过了和国家元首见面的时间。他对科技的了解也让人觉得难以置信，他肯定是深入思考过科技的。在他看来，这些都是机会，同时也意味着风险，还关乎人们的道德。在跟教皇的这次见面当中，我们讨论了在苹果一个非常重要的话题：那就是人类如何面对自身从未拥有过的如此多的权力？方济各怀疑，这些权力究竟能不能以正确的方式为人所用？今天，科技已经占据了生活的方方面面，在很多情况下，都是积极的力量，但我们也可以看到有潜在的可能，也就是科技反噬我们，可能会咬得很深。比如对我们安全、隐私的威胁，比如说虚假新闻、社交媒体现在对社会的负面影响，有些时候这些本来应该连接人类的技术，开始把人类分割开来。科技可以实现伟大的愿景，但是科技如果不愿意做这些伟大的事业怎么办，如果科技什么都不想要，所以现在我们需要去思考，我们的价值观，我们对我们的邻里和社区的承诺，我们对爱和美的信任，以及我们的信仰，我们的人格，我们的善良。

我所担心的并不是人工智能能够像人一样思考，我更担心的是人们像计算机一样思考，没有价值观，没有同情心，没有对结果的敬畏之心。这就是为什么我们需要你们这样的毕业生，来帮助我们控制科技。因为科学就像在黑暗中探索一样，人性就像是烛光，照亮我们走过的地方和前路的艰险。乔布斯说过，“科技本身是不够的，一定要让科技和文化和人文结合起来才可以让人理智。”当人仍然是处在核心位置的时候，你可以带来巨大的影响力，比如说今天使用iPhone手机，一个盲人可以跑马拉松；你使用苹果手表可以及时预防心脏病；使用iPad，可以帮助自闭症儿童认识世界，敞开心扉。所以你们需要将价值观跟科技融合起来，要让这种权力真正地惠及所有人。你在一生当中所做的事情，以及我们在苹果公司所做的事情，就是在尝试把我们的科技同人文融合起来。

这样责任重大，同时也是机会所在。我相信你们这一代人，以你们的热情和你们愿意服务人类的决心，我有理由相信你们，依赖你们。尽管有很多愤世嫉俗的言论和阴谋论存在，互联网赋予了我们很多，但是也会有很多基本的原则被人们置之脑后，斤斤计较和负能量爆棚。但不要让这样的声音使你们误入歧途，不要陷入生活的琐碎，不要听信网络喷子，更不要变成喷子。不要通过点赞来衡量生活，而要看你真正触及到了多少人的生命。不要看自己是否受欢迎，而是看自己服务了多少人。在我开始在乎别人怎么看我之后，我生活的目标也变大了，你们也会如此。但是请你们不要分心，要关注真正重要的事情。

有些时候你有决心想要去服务人类，但是这种决心将会受到考验，请做好准备。人们会说服你，也许你应该在职业生涯当中不要拥有同情心和同理心，但是不要相信这些虚假的设定。

曾经有人一直都在质疑苹果的投资，有人要求我承诺苹果只会不断去投资那些可以带来最好回报的业务。我尝试跟他们打太极，有很多事情其实跟投资回报率没有关系，但是我们依然做了。比如说保护环境本身就是一个非常重要的例子，当时在董事会当中有人不同意我们这样去做。于是我跟他摊牌，我告诉他如果你不同意苹果做这些正确的事情，那你就不适合做苹果的股东。

作为苹果的股东，你必须要敢于承担责任，必须要有立场。有些情况下，只有你才能做正确的事情，不能指望别人。大家要遵从自己的内心，用自己的双手，来为更重要的事情努力，没有什么比这更重要的。正像马丁路德金博士说过的，“所有的生活都是相连的”。我们所有人都朝着一个方向去努力，如果你们选择要科技和它所服务的人的交叉点，如果你愿意为生活当中遇到的每个人尽你所能，那么今天，我们所有人类都有理由来相信它们。

非常感谢大家，还有最后祝贺2017届的学生。

英文演讲全文

Hello, MIT!

Thank you. Congratulations class of ’17. I especially want to thank Chairman Millard, President Reif, distinguished faculty, trustees, and the members of the class of 1967. It is a privilege to be here today with your families and your friends on such an amazing and important day.

MIT and Apple share so much. We both love hard problems. We love the search for new ideas, and we especially love finding those ideas, the really big ones, the ones that can change the world. I know MIT has a proud tradition of pranks or as you would call them, hacks. And you have pulled off some pretty great ones over the years. I’ll never figure out how MIT students sent that Mars rover to the Kresge Oval, or put a propeller beanie on the great dome, or how you’ve obviously taken over the president’s Twitter account. I can tell college students are behind because most of the Tweets happen at 3:00 a.m.

I’m really happy to be here. Today is about celebration. And you have so much to be proud of. As you leave here to start the next leg of your journey in life, there will be days where you ask yourself, ‘Where is this all going?’ ‘What is the purpose?’ ‘What is my purpose?’ I will be honest, I asked myself that same question and it took nearly 15 years to answer it. Maybe by talking about my journey today, I can save you some time.

The struggle for me started early on. In high school, I thought I discovered my life’s purpose when I could answer that age-old question, ‘What do you want to be when you grow up?’ Nope. In college I thought I’d discover it when I could answer, ‘What’s your major?’ Not quite. I thought that maybe I’d discovered it when I found a good job. Then I thought I just needed to get a few promotions. That didn’t work either.

I kept convincing myself that it was just over the horizon, around the next corner. Nothing worked. And it was really tearing me apart. Part of me kept pushing ahead to the next achievement. And the other part kept asking, ‘Is this all there is?’ I went to grad school at Duke looking for the answer. I tried meditation. I sought guidance in religion. I read great philosophers and authors. And in a moment of youthful indiscretion, I might even have experimented with a Windows PC, and obviously that didn’t work.

After countless twists and turns, at last, 20 years ago, my search brought me to Apple. At the time, the company was struggling to survive. Steve Jobs had just returned to Apple, and had launched the ‘Think Different’ campaign. He wanted to empower the crazy ones—the misfits, the rebels and the troublemakers, the round pegs, and the square holes—to do the best work. If we could just do that, Steve knew we could really change the world.

Before that moment, I had never met a leader with such passion or encountered a company with such a clear and compelling purpose: to serve humanity. It was just that simple. Serve humanity. And it was in that moment, after 15 years of searching, something clicked. I finally felt aligned. Aligned with a company that brought together challenging, cutting edge work with a higher purpose. Aligned with a leader who believed that technology which didn’t exist yet could reinvent tomorrow’s world. Aligned with myself and my own deep need to serve something greater.

Of course, at that moment I don’t know all of that. I was just grateful to have psychological burden lifted. But with the help of hindsight, my breakthrough makes a lot more sense. I was never going to find my purpose working some place without a clear sense of purpose of its own. Steve and Apple freed me to throw my whole self into my work, to embrace their mission and make it my own. How can I serve humanity? This is life’s biggest and most important question. When you work towards something greater than yourself, you find meaning, you find purpose. So the question I hope you will carry forward from here is how will you serve humanity?

The good news is since you are here today you are on a great track. At MIT you have learned how much power that science and technology have to change the world for the better. Thanks to discoveries made right here, billions of people are leading healthier, more productive and more fulfilling lives. And if we’re ever going to solve some of the hardest problems facing the world today, everything from cancer to climate change to educational inequality, then technology will help us to do it. But technology alone isn’t the solution. And sometimes it’s even part of the problem.

Last year I had the chance to meet with Pope Francis. It was the most incredible meeting of my life. This is a man who has spent more time comforting the inflicted in slums than with heads of state. This may surprise you, but he knew an unbelievable amount about technology. It was obvious to me that he had thought deeply about it. Its opportunity. Its risks. Its morality. What he said to me at that meeting, what he preached, really, was on a topic that we care a lot about at Apple. But he expressed a shared concern in a powerful new way: Never has humanity had such power over itself, yet nothing ensures it will be used wisely, he has said.

Technology today is integral to almost all aspects of our lives and most of the time it’s a force for good. And yet the potential adverse consequences are spreading faster and cutting deeper. The threats to security, threats to privacy, fake news, and social media that becomes antisocial. Sometimes the very technology that is meant to connect us divides us. Technology is capable of doing great things. But it doesn’t want to do great things. It doesn’t want anything. That part takes all of us. It takes our values and our commitment to our families and our neighbors and our communities, our love of beauty and belief that all of our faiths are interconnected, our decency, our kindness.

I’m not worried about artificial intelligence giving computers the ability to think like humans. I’m more concerned about people thinking like computers without values or compassion, without concern for consequences. That is what we need you to help us guard against. Because if science is a search in the darkness, then the humanities are a candle that shows us where we’ve been and the danger that lies ahead.

As Steve once said, technology alone is not enough. It is technology married with the liberal arts married with the humanities that make our hearts sing. When you keep people at the center of what you do, it can have an enormous impact. It means an iPhone that allows the blind person to run a marathon. It means an Apple Watch that catches a heart condition before it becomes a heart attack. It means an iPad that helps a child with autism connect with his or her world. In short, it means technology infused with your values, making progress possible for everyone.

Whatever you do in your life, and whatever we do at Apple, we must infuse it with the humanity that each of us is born with. That responsibility is immense, but so is the opportunity. I’m optimistic because I believe in your generation, your passion, your journey to serve humanity. We are all counting on you. There is so much out there conspiring to make you cynical. The internet has enabled so much and empowered so many, but it can also be a place where basic rules of decency are suspended and pettiness and negativity thrive.

Don’t let that noise knock you off course. Don’t get caught up in the trivial aspects of life. Don’t listen to trolls and for God’s sake don’t become one. Measure your impact in humanity not in the likes, but the lives you touch; not in popularity, but in the people you serve. I found that my life got bigger when I stopped carrying about what other people thought about me. You will find yours will too. Stay focused on what really matters. There will be times when your resolve to serve humanity will be tested. Be prepared. People will try to convince you that you should keep your empathy out of your career. Don’t accept this false premise.

At a shareholders meeting a few years back, someone questioned Apple’s investment and focus on the environment. He asked me to pledge that Apple would only invest in green initiatives that could be justified with a return on investment. I tried to be diplomatic. I pointed out that Apple does many things, like accessibility features for those with disabilities that don’t rely on an ROI. We do the things because they are the right thing to d, and protecting the environment is a critical example. He wouldn’t let it go and I got my blood up. So I told him, “If you can’t accept our position, you shouldn’t own Apple stock.”

When you are convinced that your cause is right, have the courage to take a stand. If you see a problem or an injustice, recognize that no one will fix it but you. As you go forward today, use your minds and hands and your hearts to build something bigger than yourselves. Always remember there is no idea bigger than this. As Dr. Martin Luther King said, “All life is interrelated. We are all bound together into a single garment of destiny.” If you keep that idea at the forefront of all that you do, if you choose to live your lives at that intersection between technology and the people it serves, if you strive to create the best, give the best, do the best for everyone, not just for some, then today all of humanity has good cause for hope.

Thank you very much and congratulations class of 2017!

声明：本文转载自公众号“清华大学经济管理学院”，

在此致谢！

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